MEASURING DESTINATION IMAGE: A CASE-STUDY OF HUE, VIETNAM
Abstract
There is a general consensus about the significance of the role played by tourist destination image in the process of destination decision-making and the choice of visitors. In addition, several studies have proven the strong relationship between destination image and visitors’ preference or visiting intentions. Hue city, the ancient capital of Vietnam, has various favorable conditions to become an attractive tourist destination for both domestic and international tourists. This paper aims to measure the tourists’ perception on destination image of Hue. Beside the desk study on previous studies regarding the destination image, a multicultural sample of 1003 tourists was conducted with structured questionnaires. The research found that the functional image of Hue saved in the visitors’ minds is a historic and royal destination with many appealing monuments and great food, of which the most prominent attractions are the Citadel, pagodas and the complex of Nguyen kings' tombs. For the psychological image, in the tourists’ perception, Hue’s atmosphere is very peaceful and hospitable thanks to the quiet space and friendly welcoming people. The outcomes of this research are expected to be used as a valuable reference for the local policy makers, governmental agencies, tourism companies and other relevant stakeholders.
Key words: destination image, image measurement, Hue city
References
AHMED, Z.; SOHAIL, M.; MYERS, C.; SAN, C. (2006): Marketing of Australia to Malaysian Consumers. Services Marketing Quarterly, 28 (2), 54-78.
BALOGLU, S.; MCCLEARLY, K., W. (1999): A Model of Destination Image Formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (4), 868- 897.
BEERLI, A.; MARTÍN, J., D. (2004): Tourists’ Characteristics and the Perceived Image of Tourist Destinations: A Quantitative Analysis – A Case Study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25, 623-636.
CALANTONE, R.J.; DI BENETTO, C. A.; HAKAM, A.; BOJANIC, D. C. (1989): Multiple multinational tourism positioning using correspondence analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 28( 2 ) (Fall), 25-32.
CROMPTON, J. L. (1979): Motivations for Pleasure Vacations. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408-424.
DAWES, J. (2008): Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point scales. International Journal of Market Research, 50(1), 61–77.
ECHTNER, C., M.; RITCHIE, J., B. (1991): The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image. Journal of Travel Studies, 2 (2), 2-12.
ECHTNER, C., M.; RITCHIE, J., B. (1993): The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31, 3-13.
ECHTNER, C.; RITCHIE, J., B. (2003): The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14 (1), 37-46.
HANKINSON, G. (2004): The Brand Images of Tourism Destinations: A Study of the Saliency of Organic Images. Journal of Product and Brand Management , 33 (1), 6-14.
HDCST (Hue Department of Culture, Sport & Tourism) (2013). Báo cáo tổng kết năm 2013 và phương hướng nhiệm vụ cho năm 2014.
HUNT, J. (1975): Images as a Factor in Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 13 (3), 1-7.
GARTNER, W. C. (1993): Image Formation Process. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2 (2-3), 191-215.
GOODALL, B. (1992): How Tourists Choose Their Holidays: An Analytical Framework. In Marketing in the Tourism Industry: The Promotion of Destination Regions, edited by B. Goodall and G. Ashworth. London: Routledge, 1-17.
GOVERS, R.; GO, F. (2003): Deconstructing Destination Image in the Information Age. Information Technology and Tourism, 6 (1), 13-29.
GOVERS, R.; GO, F. (2005): Projected Destination Online: Website Content Analysis of Picture and Text. Information Technology and Tourism, 7 (2), 73-89.
GUNN, C. A. (1972): Vacationscape – Designing Tourist Regions. Austin, Texas: University of Texas.
JENKINS, O. H.; MCARTHUR, S. (1996): Marketing Protected Areas, Australian Parks and Recreation, 32 (4), 10-15.
KAVOURA, A. (2014): A conceptual communication model for nation branding in the Greek Framework. Implications for Strategic Advertising Policy. Procedia, 148, 32-39.
KOTLER, P.; GERTNER, D. (2004): Country as Brand, Product and Beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective. In MORGAN, N.; PRITCHARD, A. and PRIDE, R. (2002): Destination Branding: Creating the unique destination proposition. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
LEE, G.; CAI, L. A.; O’LEARY, J. T. (2006): WWW.Branding.States.US: An Analysis of Brand-building Elements in the US State Tourism Websites. Tourism Management, 27, 815-828.
MACINNIS, D. J.; PRICE, L. L. (1987): The Role of Imagery in Information Processing: Review and Extension. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 473-491
MAYO, E. J. (1975): Tourism and National Parks: A Psychographic and Attitudinal Study. Journal of Travel Research, 14, 14-18.
MATOS, N.; MENDES, J.; VALLE, P. (2012): Revisiting the Destination Image Construct through a Conceptual Model. Dos Algarves: A Multi-disciplinary E-journal, 21. Revistada ESGHT/UAlg, ISSN: 2182-5580.
MILMAN, A.; PIZAM A. (1995): The Role of the Awareness and Familiarity with a Destination: The Central Florida Case. Journal of Travel Research, 33, 21-27.
MOLINA, A.; GOMEZ, M.; MARTIN-CONSUEGRA, D. (2010): Tourism Marketing Information and Destination Image Management. African Journal of Business Management, 4 (5), 22-728.
PEARCE, P., L. (1988): The Ulysses Factor: Evaluating Visitors in Tourist Settings. New York: Springer-Verlag.
SAN MARTIN, H.; RODRIGUEZ, I. A. (2008): Exploring the Cognitive-Affective Nature of Destination Image and the Role of Psychological Factors in its Formation. Tourism Management, 29, 263- 277.
STABLER, M., J. (1988): The Image of Destination Regions: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects. In GOODALL, B.; ASHWORTH, G. (1998): Marketing in the Tourism Industry–the Promotion of Destination Regions. London: Routledge, 133-159.
SÖNMEZ S.; SIRAKAYA E. (2002): A Distorted Destination Image The Case of Turkey. Journal of Travel Research, 41 (November), 185-196.
STEPCHENKOVA, S.; MORRISON, A. M. (2006): The Destination Image of Russia: From the Online Induced Perspective. Tourism Management, 27, 943-956.
WEAVER, P. A.; WEBER, K.; and MCCLEARY, K. W. (2007): Destination Evaluation: The Role of Previous Travel Experience and Trip Characteristics. Journal of Travel Research, 45, 333–344.
WHITE, C. (2004): Destination Image: to See or Not to See?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16 (5), 309-314